{"id":27045,"date":"2020-04-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-14T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blexin.com\/uno-sguardo-al-futuro-c-9\/"},"modified":"2021-05-20T18:27:00","modified_gmt":"2021-05-20T16:27:00","slug":"a-look-to-the-future-c-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blexin.com\/en\/blog-en\/a-look-to-the-future-c-9\/","title":{"rendered":"A look to the future: C# 9"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In my previous article (part one<\/a> and part two<\/a>), we saw the news features introduced in version 8 of C #, but the team is already working on version 9, and we can appreciate some changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously, at the moment the new features are still under development and until the final release there might be some variations. The most curious ones, however, will appreciate a look at the work that the Microsoft Developer Team is doing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Simplified Parameter NULL Validation Code<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

One of the changes under consideration by the team simplifies the control over null values <\/a>by shortening the syntax using an annotation “!” on a method parameter name:<\/p>\n\n\n

\n\/\/ Before:\nvoid Insert(string s) \n{\n    if (s is null)\n        throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(s));\n}\n \n\/\/ After:\nvoid Insert(string s!) \n{\n}\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Primary Constructors<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The Primary Constructor <\/a><\/em>has the purpose of simplifying the declaration of properties and constructors of a class:<\/p>\n\n\n
\n\/\/ Before:\nclass Person\n{\n    private string _name;\n \n    public Person(string name)\n    {\n        _name = name;\n    }\n \n    public string Name\n    {\n        get => _name;\n        set {\n                if (value == null) \n                {\n                   throw new NullArgumentException(nameof(Name)); \n                }\n                 _name = value;\n            }\n    }\n}\n \n\/\/ After:\nclass Person(string name)\n{\n    public string Name\n    {\n        get => name;\n        set\n        {\n            if (value == null)\n            {\n               throw new NullArgumentException(nameof(Name));\n            }\n            name = value;\n        }\n    }\n}\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Record<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The team would like to provide a way to set up a read-only member in the objects\u2019 initializers. therefore, a new initonly <\/em>modifier has been introduced to be applied to properties and fields.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A Record <\/a>can contain operators, methods and properties. By default, the latter are read-only (Immutable Type<\/em>). The Records <\/em>can be of a value type or a reference type and allow us to compare structural equality. Records <\/em>are useful for representing complex data with many properties, such as a database record or a DTO. Let’s see an example:<\/p>\n\n\n
\ndata class UserInfo\n{\n    public string Username { get; }\n    public string Email { get; }\n    public bool IsAdmin { get; } = false;\n}\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
When working with immutable types, you generally make changes to an object by building a modified copy of it instead of making the changes directly on the object. Now you could opt instead for something like this:<\/p>\n\n\n
\nvar userInfo = new UserInfo() \n{\n    Username = "Francesco",\n    Email = "francesco@microsoft.com",\n    IsAdmin = true\n};\nvar newUserName = userInfo with { Username = "Vas" };\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
The resulting newUserName <\/em>object would be a copy of userInfo, but with the Username property with the value = “Vas”. As we said, the equality between Records <\/em>is compared by structure and not by reference:<\/p>\n\n\n
\nvar userInfo1 = new UserInfo() {\n    Username = "Francesco",\n    Email = "francesco@microsoft.com",\n    IsAdmin = true\n};\nvar userInfo2 = new UserInfo() \n{\n    Username = "Francesco",\n    Email = "francesco@microsoft.com",\n    IsAdmin = true\n};\nvar compareUsersInfo = userInfo1 == userInfo2; \/\/ true\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Enum class<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Linked to the Records <\/em>seen previously, an enum class<\/a><\/em> could be a new way of writing an abstract class and the concrete classes that implement it. If there are multiple partial definitions of the enum class<\/em>, all members will be considered members of the definition of the enum class<\/em>. Unlike a user-defined abstract class definition, the root type of the enum class is partial by default, and it is structured to have only a default private constructor, without parameters. User-defined constructors are not allowed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, no type can inherit directly from it in any declaration, other than those specified as members of the enum class<\/em> itself.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n\/\/ If we had this situation:\npublic partial abstract class Shape { }\n \npublic class Rectangle : Shape {\n \n  public double Width { get; }\n  public double Length { get; }\n \n  public Rectangle(double Width, double Length){\n    this.Width = Width;\n    this.Length = Length;\n  }\n}\n \npublic class Circle : Shape {\n \n  public double Radius { get; }\n \n  public Circle(double Radius)\n  {\n    this.Radius = Radius;\n  }\n}\n \n\/\/ It could be:\nenum class Shape\n{\n  Rectangle(double Width, double Length);\n  Circle(double Radius);\n}\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
The enum classes<\/em> can also contain value members<\/em>, which define public static properties of type get-only<\/em> on the root type and return the root type itself:<\/p>\n\n\n
\nenum class Color\n{\n    Red, Green\n}\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
which is equivalent to<\/p>\n\n\n
\npartial abstract class Color\n{\n    public static Color Red => ...;\n    public static Color Green => ...;\n}\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Discriminated Unions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Similar to discriminated<\/a> union<\/a>in F#<\/a> (a functional \/ Object-Oriented hybrid language of .NET world), this feature is connected to the previous ones and offers a way to define and use data types that can contain any number of different types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mixing the features seen above, let’s take a look at the following code:<\/p>\n\n\n
\npublic class Person  \/\/ Define a record type\n{  \n  public initonly string Firstname { get; }  \n  public initonly string Lastname { get; }  \n};  \n \nenum class IntOrBool { int I; bool B; }  \/\/ Define an enum class\n \nenum class MixedType \/\/ Define an enum class\n{\n    Person P;\n    IntOrBool Union;\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Now let’s create the instances of the Record <\/em>and the Union<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n
\nvar person = new Person()  \n{  \n  Firstname = \u201cFrancesco\u201d;  \n  Lastname = \u201cVas\u201d;  \n};  \n   \nvar unionRecord = new MixedType.P(person); \/\/ Record C# 9  \nvar unionTypeInt = new MixedType.Union(I 86); \/\/ Int type\nvar unionTypeBool = new MixedType.Union(B false); \/\/ Boolean type\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Therefore, we could have a function that returns one of the three types belonging to the MixedType <\/em>root type (that is Person<\/em>, int<\/em>, bool<\/em>) on which we can use the pattern matching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For demonstration purposes, let’s see some other examples of possible use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Exception handling:<\/p>\n\n\n
\ntry { ... }\ncatch (CommunicationException|SystemException ex) {\n    \/\/ Handle the exception\n}\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Pattern matching:<\/p>\n\n\n
\nif (result is short|int|long number) { ... }\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Type constraint:<\/p>\n\n\n
\npublic class GenericClass<T> where T : T1 | T2 | T3\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Typed heterogeneous collections:<\/p>\n\n\n
\nvar inputs = new List<int|double|string>{3, 9.9, "abc"};\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
And, or, and not patterns<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The last feature we are going to examine is the possible implementation of three new ways of evaluating<\/a> a switch case:<\/p>\n\n\n
\nswitch (obj)\n{\n    case 1 or 2:\n    case Point(0, 0) or null:\n    case Point(var x, var y) and var p:\n}\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Conclusions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Good. I think it\u2019s enough! As we said, everything is still to be defined, and the developers are working hard to simplify our work and introduce new features.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I hope I have aroused your curiosity, and if you are interested, I invite you to visit the GitHub repository which contains all the proposals and discussions under consideration by the Microsoft Team (God save the open-source!):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/github.com\/dotnet\/csharplang\/milestone\/15<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stay tuned!<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Let\u2019s see together what the version of C# currently under development could reserve for us<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":196716244,"featured_media":27036,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","inline_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[688637524],"tags":[688637384],"class_list":["post-27045","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-en","tag-c-en"],"yoast_head":"\nA look to the future: C# 9 - 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